BIOLOGY

                         POLLINATION Pollination is the transfer of mature pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the mature stigma of the same or another flower of the same or closely related species.  Pollen grains contain the male gamete and are present in the anthers of the flower. The process of sexual reproduction in plants consists of several chronological steps: Production of flowers Pollination Fertilization (produces seeds) Formation of fruits                 Agents of pollination  Agents of pollination are also called pollinators. They are organisms and other means by which pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the stigma of flowers. Examples of agents of pollination include  1.  insects e.g. Butterfly, moths, bees, etc 2.  wind  3.  water  4.  other animals such as snails, birds, bats go...

                                   Habitat  Habitat is the natural place where an organism lives successfully. A habitat meets all the environmental conditions an organism needs to survive.                  Types of habitats The two major types of habitats are: 1. Aquatic habitat 2. Terrestrial habitat                 AQUATIC HABITATS An aquatic habitat is a body of water where certain organisms live. Examples of aquatic organisms include: fish, toads, crabs, aquatic plants, etc                 Types of aquatic habitat There are three types of aquatic habitat: (a) Freshwater habitat  (b) Marine (Salt) water habitat  (c) Estuarine (Brackish) water habitat                          ...

                    Disease vectors  A disease vector  is any living  thing  that carries and transmits infectious pathogens from one organism to another.  Examples of disease vectors are mosquitoes, blackfly, tsetse fly, etc   Pathogens are disease-causing organisms e.g. Plasmodium, bacteria, viruses, filarial worms, trypanosomes, etc          Female anopheles mosquito   The mosquito carries the pathogen called  plasmodium  which causes  malaria.                          Black fly  The blackfly carries the pathogen called  filarial worm  which causes  river blindness.                            Tsetse fly    The tsetse fly carries the pathogen called Trypanosoma  which causes ...

                              Cell  The cell  is the basic structural and functional unit of life.             Unicellular organisms  Unicellular organisms are organisms with only one cell e.g. Bacteria ,  Diatom, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Chlamydomonas, etc.            Multicellular organisms  Multicellular organisms are organisms that are made up of many cells e.g. Human beings, goats, lions, mosquitoes, rats, etc                            Animal cell                           Cell organelles  Cell organelles are special and organized structures present in living cells. Examples of Cell organelles and their functions  1. Nucleus : It helps in the ...

Recycling is the process of collecting, processing, and converting waste materials into new useful products. It involves reusing materials instead of throwing them away. Examples: I. Old newspapers can be recycled into new paper. II. Used plastic bottles can be melted and made into new plastic items.           Materials That Can Be Recycled 1. Paper (e.g., newspapers, cartons, books) 2. Glass (e.g., bottles, jars) 3. Metals (e.g., tin cans, aluminum) 4. Plastics (e.g., bottles, containers) 5. Fabrics (e.g., old clothes)             Methods of Recycling 1. Mechanical Recycling 2. Chemical Recycling 3. Biological Recycling              Mechanical Recycling It involves melting or crushing materials to form new ones (e.g., plastic bottles → new containers).             Chemical Recycling It involves breaking down materials chemically (e.g., converting waste oil...

The sun is the primary source of energy used by living things on Earth. The sun gives out a large amount of energy called radiant energy.  The part of the earth in which living things live is called the  biosphere.             Conservation of energy   Conservation of energy means careful use of energy. In nature, organisms feed on one another to obtain energy to carry out their activities. Energy is conserved in nature through the  food chain.                         Food chain  The food chain is the linear feeding relationship among animals. Example: 1. Grass  → grasshopper  →rat  →snake  2. Grass  →goat  →lion  3.  Grass → grasshopper → frog → hawk  4. Grass →  cow   →  man   →  maggot  Conservation of wildlife   Wildlife are the animals and plants that grow ind...

                             Living things Living things are things that have life in them. Non-living things are things that have no life in them. Eg. Book, chair, laptop, pen, etc        Classification of living things The two major classifications of  living things are: 1. Plants  2. Animals                                 Plants  Plants can be further grouped into two parts which are: 1. Flowering plants e.g. Hibiscus, maize etc  2. Non-flowering plants e.g. Ferns, moss, etc                          Parts of a plant                              Animals  Animals can  be grouped into two parts which are: 1. Vertebrates...

                                      Drug  A drug is a natural or synthetic chemical substance that when consumed causes a change in the physiology of the body.                       Drug abuse  Drug abuse is the illegal use of drugs without a doctor's prescription. Drug abuse is a serious health problem that affects a lot of families and communities. Examples of drugs that can be abused are: Cocaine, heroin, marijuana, cannabis, narcotics, methamphetamine, tobacco, alcohol, steroids etc                    Methods of drug use  There are different methods of using drugs, either prescribed or not prescribed. Drugs are taken into the body through the following ways:  1. Swallowing  2. Smoking  3. Sniffing  4. Injecting  5. Absorption t...

Reproductive health is the state of complete well-being of an individual's reproductive system.       Genetic counselling  Counselling means giving professional help and advice to someone. Genetic counseling  is the process by which a patient at risk of an inherited disease is advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, and how it can be transmitted and managed.    Importance of genetic counseling before marriage  1. It helps in preventing cases of genetic disorders or mentally retarded children  2. It assists in advising women against pregnancy losses and miscarriages  3. It provides information on people's family history I.e. It lets people know if there's any case of genetic disease in their lineage  4. It advises couples with a history of genetic disorders to prevent further recurrence  5. It helps to educate couples with HIV/AIDS on how to live with the disease and not transmit it to their children...

                       PREGNANCY  Pregnancy is the time in which one or more offspring develop inside a woman's uterus. It is also the period between the implantation of the embryo and the birth of the fetus.  A normal pregnancy in humans can range from  38 to 42 weeks  from the first day of the last menstrual period to the due date. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters namely: 1. First trimester: the first three months of pregnancy 2. Second trimester: the second three months of pregnancy 3. Third trimester: the last three months of pregnancy               Symptoms of Pregnancy  Some of the symptoms of pregnancy are: 1. Fatigue (tiredness) 2. Nausea (morning sickness) 3. Shortness of breath  4. Vomiting  5. Heartburn  6. Constipation and bloating 7. Frequent urination           ...

Reproduction  is a biological process by which living organisms produce offspring similar to them. Reproduction in humans is known as sexual reproduction. MENSTRUATION  Menstruation is the regular discharge of blood and tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. MENSTRUAL HYGIENE  Menstrual hygiene is the necessary personal cleanliness being carried out during menstruation.  MENSTRUAL CYCLE  Menstrual cycle is the time from the beginning of one period to the beginning of the next one. It happens every 28 to 30 days How to maintain cleanliness during menstruation  1. Change of sanitary pad as and when due  2. Washing of hands after each change of pad  3. Regular bath to prevent offensive odour and discomfort  4. Use of warm water to wash the vagina during the menstrual period  5. Proper disposal of used pad  OVULATION  Ovulation is a phase of the female menstrual cycle that involves t...

The reproductive (genital) system is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure continuity of life. Without reproduction, there cannot be an increase in population.               Male reproductive organs Parts of the male reproductive organs 1 . Testes:  The testes are the primary organs of reproduction in the male. They are located in the scrotum, which is the skin sac. The testes have two primary functions: Produce sperm or spermatozoa, i.e. male sex cell (gamete) Produce  testosterone  (the primary male sex hormone) 2.   Scrotum:  The scrotum is the thick-skinned sac that surrounds and protects the testes. It helps to regulate the temperature of the testes because they need to be kept cooler than the body temperature to produce sperm. .            ...