BIOLOGY

Balanced diet are the different types of food that provides the body with all the essential nutrients in the right proportions to maintain health, energy, and proper body functioning. A balanced diet is essential for overall health and well-being of the body. The components of a Balanced Diet are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Protein 3. Fat and oil 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Fiber 7. Water           Carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide energy for daily activities. The sources of carbohydrates are: rice, bread, potatoes, pasta, cereals etc                Proteins Proteins Help in growth, repair of body tissues, and the production of enzymes and hormones. The sources of protein are: Meat, fish, eggs, beans, lentils, nuts, dairy products.              Fat and oil Fat and oil Provide energy, support cell growth, and protect organs. The sources of fat and oil are: Avocado, ...

  THE KINGDOM: PLANTAE The plant kingdom consists of three main divisions. They are: 1 . Thallophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Tracheophyta                                                    Thallophyta This group is further subdivided into three parts: (a) Rhodophyta (Red algae) (b) Chlorophyta (Green algae) (c) Phaecophyta (Brown algae)     Characteristics of Thallophyta 1. They are simple microscopic plants 2. Some are unicellular organisms e.g. Chlamydomonas while others are multicellular organisms e.g. spirogyra 3. They have a thread-like (filamentous) or flat (thallus) body that do not have roots, stems or leaves. 4. They have a cellulose cell wall 5. They can synthesize their own food 6. They have no specialized reproductive organs for reproduction  Examples: Chlamydomonas (a free-living algae), Spirogyra (filamentous algae), Vo...

Classification of living things is defined as the grouping of living things according to their similar characteristics.                         Taxonomy   Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the classification of all living things. It identifies, categorizes, and names all living things. The scientists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. The first scientist who developed the first system of classification was  Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778).   Reasons for classification of living things 1. To put every living organism into a systematic order or specific group  2. For easy identification of similar living things  3. To show the relationship between different categories of living organisms  4. To show evolutionary trends in different groups of living organisms  5. To trace the geographical distribution of living organisms  6. For easy reference  7. For easy...

BIOLOGY is coined from two Greek words: 'bios'  means life and ' logos'  which means to study. Biology can be defined as the study of life. Biology can also be defined as the study of plants and animals.                  Branches of Biology  Biology is grouped into two major branches, namely: a . Zoology: Zoology is the study of animals b. Botany: Botany is the study of plants Other branches of biology are  1. Physiology: Physiology is the study of how living things function. 2. Anatomy:  Anatomy is the study of the internal structure of living things  3. Ecology: Ecology is the study of living things and their environment. 4. Morphology: Morphology is the study of external features of living things  5. Genetics: Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living things  6. Histology: Histology is the study of tissues  7. Cytology: Cytology is the study of cells 8.  ...

The Peripheral nervous system is 

                      Nervous system                             Co-ordination  Co-ordination is defined as the process by which different parts of an organism work together for proper effectiveness. Coordination is achieved in the body of mammals through the action of:  1. The nervous system 2. The endocrine system (Hormones) The hypothalamus of the brain is the link between the two systems. Hormones  - They are chemical substances secreted by endocrine (ductless) glands, directly into the blood (circulatory system) which on reaching a target organ, stimulate the activity of that organ. Hormonal Nervous Transmission is chemical Transmission is mechanical  and chemical Slow transmission Rapid transmission The response is widespread Response is localized Target organs receive response effector organs receive response Long last ...

                         POLLINATION Pollination is the transfer of mature pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the mature stigma of the same or another flower of the same or closely related species.  Pollen grains contain the male gamete and are present in the anthers of the flower. The process of sexual reproduction in plants consists of several chronological steps: Production of flowers Pollination Fertilization (produces seeds) Formation of fruits                 Agents of pollination  Agents of pollination are also called pollinators. They are organisms and other means by which pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the stigma of flowers. Examples of agents of pollination include  1.  insects e.g. Butterfly, moths, bees, etc 2.  wind  3.  water  4.  other animals such as snails, birds, bats go...

                                   Habitat  Habitat is the natural place where an organism lives successfully. A habitat meets all the environmental conditions an organism needs to survive.                  Types of habitats The two major types of habitats are: 1. Aquatic habitat 2. Terrestrial habitat                 AQUATIC HABITATS An aquatic habitat is a body of water where certain organisms live. Examples of aquatic organisms include: fish, toads, crabs, aquatic plants, etc                 Types of aquatic habitat There are three types of aquatic habitat: (a) Freshwater habitat  (b) Marine (Salt) water habitat  (c) Estuarine (Brackish) water habitat                          ...